Polyneuromyopathies de réanimation

Dix points importants
· Les polyneuromyopathies regroupent la polyneuropathie de réanimation (CIP : critical illness polyneuropathy) et les myopathies, dont la myopathie aux corticoïdes et la myopathie nécrosante de réanimation. · La polyneuropathie de réanimation est une axonopathie motrice, le plus souvent associée au sepsis et au syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale (SDMV). · La myopathie nécrosante est retrouvée dans le même contexte de défaillance multiviscérale que la polyneuropathie. · La myopathie aux corticoïdes, ou myopathie avec perte des filaments épais de myosine, est essentiellement décrite chez des malades ventilés pour état de mal asthmatique. · Le tableau clinique est peu discriminant et consiste en une diminution diffuse de la force musculaire avec difficulté à sevrer le malade de la ventilation artificielle. · Les explorations électromyographiques associées à l’histopathologie permettent seules de caractériser la nature de l’atteinte. · Aucun facteur étiopathogénique n’a pu être incriminé isolément et l’étiologie de ces atteintes est le plus souvent multifactorielle. · Les curares ne jouent qu’un rôle accessoire dans la constitution de lésions. Les blocs neuromusculaires prolongés sortent du cadre des polyneuromyopathies de réanimation. · Le pronostic est essentiellement fonctionnel. · Il n’existe pas de traitement curatif. Seules des mesures préventives et symptomatiques générales dans l’attente de la récupération peuvent être proposées. |
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